Migration
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. The reasons for migration can be economic, social, political or environmental.
Types of migration
~Internal migration : migration when people migrate within the same country.
~International migration : migration when people migrate from one country to another.
In migration there are usually push and pull factors.
Push - involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place.
~Internal migration : migration when people migrate within the same country.
~International migration : migration when people migrate from one country to another.
In migration there are usually push and pull factors.
Push - involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place.
Examples : 1) Unemployment
2) Lack of safety
3) Lack of services
4) Poverty
5) Crop failure
6) Draught
7) War
8) Hazard
2) Lack of safety
3) Lack of services
4) Poverty
5) Crop failure
6) Draught
7) War
8) Hazard
Pull - is what draws them to a new location.
Examples : 1) Potential for employment
2) Safe atmosphere
3) Better service provision
4) Greater wealth
5) Fertile land
6) Good food supplies
7) Political security
8) Less risk of natural hazards
9) Friends and family
2) Safe atmosphere
3) Better service provision
4) Greater wealth
5) Fertile land
6) Good food supplies
7) Political security
8) Less risk of natural hazards
9) Friends and family
Ravenstein's law was set up in 1870. It includes :
1) Most migrants only proceed a short distance, and toward centers of absorption.
2) As migrants move toward absorption centers, they leave "gaps" that are filled up by migrants from more remote districts, creating migration flows that reach to "the most remote corner of the kingdom."
3) The process of dispersion is inverse to that of absorption.
4) Each main current of migration produces a compensating counter-current.
5) Migrants proceeding long distances generally go by preference to one of the great centers of commerce or industry.
6) The natives of towns are less migratory than those of the rural parts of the country.
7) Females are more migratory than males.
1) Most migrants only proceed a short distance, and toward centers of absorption.
2) As migrants move toward absorption centers, they leave "gaps" that are filled up by migrants from more remote districts, creating migration flows that reach to "the most remote corner of the kingdom."
3) The process of dispersion is inverse to that of absorption.
4) Each main current of migration produces a compensating counter-current.
5) Migrants proceeding long distances generally go by preference to one of the great centers of commerce or industry.
6) The natives of towns are less migratory than those of the rural parts of the country.
7) Females are more migratory than males.
Lee's model introduces a refinement to push pull factors.
To what extent do migrations bring benefits to both their origins and their destinations
International migration is moving of people from
one country to another for many reasons such as jobs, family, political
conditions, pleasure … Migration can be both good and bad for country and it
has advantages and disadvantages. This investigation will state benefits of
either home country and the country in which they are migrating in, precisely
migration from Albania to Germany.
Albania
Firstly, I will state the advantages of migration for Albania. Albania is quite a poor country, located in the Balkan’s. It has over 2 million people. The economical status of this small country is not very good, and people have been migrating since the 1990’s. They are mostly going to developed countries in the world in order to find better living conditions or/and better jobs. Albania is not a regulated country and that is one of the reasons why are people leaving it. Albanians are generally migrating to most developed countries of Europe such as, Germany and Italy. Migration to Germany started 15 years ago. There are many benefits for migrating Albanians such as, better jobs and a better quality of life. One group of people is sending money back to their families in Albania, this is called remittance. This can help people in Albania to ameliorate their life, and to cover their costs. Other group of people are coming back bringing all their money in order to invest it in Albania. This is very useful for Albania’s developing and also there will be much more working places for people. More working places will help country to have less unemployed people. They are also bringing innovations, which can develop Albania in a modern way. Despite of benefits, there are also disadvantages. If migration continue dramatically, Albanian population will decrease rapidly. There will be more elderly and less young people. Population could not be replaced because of low birth rate. Young people can not replace working class people because of their number. In fact that every country have intellectual people, they can not be successful in Albania because state is not able to finance them. They are often seen by other people from developed countries and they get scholarship and become very successful people in their life. To add, the main reason for migrating is country standard, in this case Albania is less developed country. If people continue migration in this way, it will not be good for Albanian population. Albania should control migration in order not to let population decrease. Albania have lots of benefits because of remittance and investing. By time passes it will get more developed and cultivated country.
Germany
The most developed country in Europe with strong economy and industry have problems with refugees. Germany is the main destination for immigrants because of good living conditions and jobs. People from Albania are one of German’s immigrants. One of the benefits for migration in Germany is that because less class people who are migrated will work for smaller salaries comparing to people from there. They are doing their job for less amount of money, but better. Other advantage is that Germany will have more people from other country and they will share their culture, that means Germany will be even more multinational country. Immigrants will open new shops, which are not typical for Germany and it is a kind of innovation. People from Albania will open something new and interesting for people in Germany. Every diversity in country is good because it makes country more attractive for tourists. For example, if person from Albania invest money in Germany to build a hotel, people from Albania will automatically come more to Germany and they will spend their money. It means it would be very good for German’s economy. Beside advantages there are also disadvantages such as, bad behaving(culture), overcrowding and less working place for German’s. Culture that Albanians bring with them in Germany may not be polite for German standard. Their behaving may disturb and ruin manners in that country. A lot of immigrants from Albania have not enough money to have appropriate accommodation. It may bother city environment because they will live in shanty towns. It is very humbly to Germany, which is very developed and rich country, to have shanty towns. Albanians want salaries which are smaller that Germans require. This may be profitable for German’s firms but it will not be good for young people in Germany. They would not have working places because immigrants had replaced them. That could disrupt employment of people from Germany. Germany should have strict control about refugees otherwise it will have much economical and demographic problems.
To summarize, home country have more benefits than destination country because of development. Less developed countries will improve their state whilst more developed and economy rich countries would have more problems with immigrants who are entering in that countries. These problems Germany should avoid by setting up strict rules about migration in their country. It is very difficult but useful. Extent of migration is very high in Albania but in Germany is low. To conclude, if Albania continue with this way it will improve its economy, but Germany would have more problems with working places and dissatisfaction from German people.
Albania
Firstly, I will state the advantages of migration for Albania. Albania is quite a poor country, located in the Balkan’s. It has over 2 million people. The economical status of this small country is not very good, and people have been migrating since the 1990’s. They are mostly going to developed countries in the world in order to find better living conditions or/and better jobs. Albania is not a regulated country and that is one of the reasons why are people leaving it. Albanians are generally migrating to most developed countries of Europe such as, Germany and Italy. Migration to Germany started 15 years ago. There are many benefits for migrating Albanians such as, better jobs and a better quality of life. One group of people is sending money back to their families in Albania, this is called remittance. This can help people in Albania to ameliorate their life, and to cover their costs. Other group of people are coming back bringing all their money in order to invest it in Albania. This is very useful for Albania’s developing and also there will be much more working places for people. More working places will help country to have less unemployed people. They are also bringing innovations, which can develop Albania in a modern way. Despite of benefits, there are also disadvantages. If migration continue dramatically, Albanian population will decrease rapidly. There will be more elderly and less young people. Population could not be replaced because of low birth rate. Young people can not replace working class people because of their number. In fact that every country have intellectual people, they can not be successful in Albania because state is not able to finance them. They are often seen by other people from developed countries and they get scholarship and become very successful people in their life. To add, the main reason for migrating is country standard, in this case Albania is less developed country. If people continue migration in this way, it will not be good for Albanian population. Albania should control migration in order not to let population decrease. Albania have lots of benefits because of remittance and investing. By time passes it will get more developed and cultivated country.
Germany
The most developed country in Europe with strong economy and industry have problems with refugees. Germany is the main destination for immigrants because of good living conditions and jobs. People from Albania are one of German’s immigrants. One of the benefits for migration in Germany is that because less class people who are migrated will work for smaller salaries comparing to people from there. They are doing their job for less amount of money, but better. Other advantage is that Germany will have more people from other country and they will share their culture, that means Germany will be even more multinational country. Immigrants will open new shops, which are not typical for Germany and it is a kind of innovation. People from Albania will open something new and interesting for people in Germany. Every diversity in country is good because it makes country more attractive for tourists. For example, if person from Albania invest money in Germany to build a hotel, people from Albania will automatically come more to Germany and they will spend their money. It means it would be very good for German’s economy. Beside advantages there are also disadvantages such as, bad behaving(culture), overcrowding and less working place for German’s. Culture that Albanians bring with them in Germany may not be polite for German standard. Their behaving may disturb and ruin manners in that country. A lot of immigrants from Albania have not enough money to have appropriate accommodation. It may bother city environment because they will live in shanty towns. It is very humbly to Germany, which is very developed and rich country, to have shanty towns. Albanians want salaries which are smaller that Germans require. This may be profitable for German’s firms but it will not be good for young people in Germany. They would not have working places because immigrants had replaced them. That could disrupt employment of people from Germany. Germany should have strict control about refugees otherwise it will have much economical and demographic problems.
To summarize, home country have more benefits than destination country because of development. Less developed countries will improve their state whilst more developed and economy rich countries would have more problems with immigrants who are entering in that countries. These problems Germany should avoid by setting up strict rules about migration in their country. It is very difficult but useful. Extent of migration is very high in Albania but in Germany is low. To conclude, if Albania continue with this way it will improve its economy, but Germany would have more problems with working places and dissatisfaction from German people.
The impacts of internal migration
Rural areas are affected by migration-namely the two-way transfers of labour, money, skills and attitudes.
Socio-economic impact
Remittances from national migration are difficult to estimate than international. Remittances constituted up to 40% of the income of rural households. Migrants often remit up to 60% of their incomes. Clearly migrants do move in reaction to newly developed opportunities. However, a number of recent studies have shown that people in the poorest areas of developing countries do not exhibit the highest levels of out-migration. In such regions levels of literacy and skill may be so low that access to even very menial urban jobs can be difficult. Development often acts as an important stimulus, widening the horizons of a significant number among the rural population. Internal migration in developing countries is welfare-improving for receiving regions. Rural migrants are often the most dynamic young adults from their communities should be of benefit to the receiving urban areas. Question of balance, the influx or rural labour provides the foundation for industrialisation. Newcomers can place a massive burden on over-stretched urban amenities and services ( large numbers are unemployed ). The traditional view has been that by reducing unemployment and underemployment, and providing inputs such as remittances and newly acquired skills, migration promotes development in rural areas of origin, narrows regional disparities and eventually makes migration unnecessary. Migration frequently involved both the richest and poorest households in the village. Richer potential migrants were pulled toward fairly firm job prospects in the formal sector whereas the poor were pushed by rural poverty and labour-replacing methods. The much higher remittances from rich migrants compared with those from poorer migrants from the same community acted to increase inequalities in villages and between villages in the one region. Impact of out-migration on local agriculture. Out migration undoubtedly causes a shortage of labour. Other instances it alleviates unemployment and underemployment. Large numbers of women now perform agricultural tasks which were once the preserve of men. Although remittances help, they are often too low to hire-in labour. However, it is important to note that the flow of money and support in general is not always one-way. Some studies have highlighted village-to-town remittances to support education or the search for employment. Population decline which can have a huge impact on the lives of the people remaining if key services such as schools and post offices are cut. Rural population in developed countries is such a small proportion of the total population, rural dwellers feel that their voice goes unheard by government.
Political impact
Reduced number of people in a region can reduce the political voice of the community.
In areas where population is growing rapidly political voice of such regions becomes more important.
Internal migration can change the ethnic composition of a region or urban area, which may result in tension.
Environmental impact
Rural to urban migration has led to the massive expansion of many urban areas in developing countries. The increased impact of these enlarged urban areas is affecting environments even further in a variety of different ways such as : deforestation, greater demands on regional water supplies, expansion of landfill sites and air and water pollution ( factories, power stations, transportation .. )
- Internally displaced people and refugees can have a considerable impact on the environment.
Socio-economic impact
Remittances from national migration are difficult to estimate than international. Remittances constituted up to 40% of the income of rural households. Migrants often remit up to 60% of their incomes. Clearly migrants do move in reaction to newly developed opportunities. However, a number of recent studies have shown that people in the poorest areas of developing countries do not exhibit the highest levels of out-migration. In such regions levels of literacy and skill may be so low that access to even very menial urban jobs can be difficult. Development often acts as an important stimulus, widening the horizons of a significant number among the rural population. Internal migration in developing countries is welfare-improving for receiving regions. Rural migrants are often the most dynamic young adults from their communities should be of benefit to the receiving urban areas. Question of balance, the influx or rural labour provides the foundation for industrialisation. Newcomers can place a massive burden on over-stretched urban amenities and services ( large numbers are unemployed ). The traditional view has been that by reducing unemployment and underemployment, and providing inputs such as remittances and newly acquired skills, migration promotes development in rural areas of origin, narrows regional disparities and eventually makes migration unnecessary. Migration frequently involved both the richest and poorest households in the village. Richer potential migrants were pulled toward fairly firm job prospects in the formal sector whereas the poor were pushed by rural poverty and labour-replacing methods. The much higher remittances from rich migrants compared with those from poorer migrants from the same community acted to increase inequalities in villages and between villages in the one region. Impact of out-migration on local agriculture. Out migration undoubtedly causes a shortage of labour. Other instances it alleviates unemployment and underemployment. Large numbers of women now perform agricultural tasks which were once the preserve of men. Although remittances help, they are often too low to hire-in labour. However, it is important to note that the flow of money and support in general is not always one-way. Some studies have highlighted village-to-town remittances to support education or the search for employment. Population decline which can have a huge impact on the lives of the people remaining if key services such as schools and post offices are cut. Rural population in developed countries is such a small proportion of the total population, rural dwellers feel that their voice goes unheard by government.
Political impact
Reduced number of people in a region can reduce the political voice of the community.
In areas where population is growing rapidly political voice of such regions becomes more important.
Internal migration can change the ethnic composition of a region or urban area, which may result in tension.
Environmental impact
Rural to urban migration has led to the massive expansion of many urban areas in developing countries. The increased impact of these enlarged urban areas is affecting environments even further in a variety of different ways such as : deforestation, greater demands on regional water supplies, expansion of landfill sites and air and water pollution ( factories, power stations, transportation .. )
- Internally displaced people and refugees can have a considerable impact on the environment.
The impact of international migration
International migration has a huge impact on both donor and receiving nations. One in every 35 people around the world is living outside the country of their birth. Recent migration data reveals particular features :
-importance of labour-related migration and international student mobility, increasing temporary and circular in nature
-impact of migration has spread
-proportion of female migrants has steadily increased ( Philippines )
-majority of international migrants from more developed countries go to other affluent nations ( Poland ---> England )
-developed countries have reinforced controls, response to security, illegal immigration and trafficking
Globalisation in all its aspects has led to an increased awareness in transportation and communication, world's population has never had a higher level of potential mobility.
Socio-economic impact
The rise in labour-related migration has been for both temporary and permanent workers and across all employment categories - skilled workers, seasonal employees, trainees, working holidaymakers, transfers of staff within Transnational Corporations ( TNCs ), and cross-border workers. While the inflow of skilled labour remains the priority for developed nations, some countries also welcome less skilled workers, particularly in agriculture ( the USA, Australia, Spain and Greece ) construction, care for the elderly and other business and household services ( the UK, Italy, Portugal ). Remittances totalled $397 billion in 2008, of which $305 billion went to developing countries, involving some 190 million migrants. Some economists argue that remittances exceed considerably the amount of official aid received by developing countries. Remittances have been described as 'globalisation bottom up'.
-help alleviate poverty
-spur investment
-cushion the impact of global recession
The major sources of remittances are the USA, Western Europe and the Gulf. The top destinations of remittances are India, China, Mexico and the Philippines. 20 million people who make up the Indian diaspora are scattered over 135 countries. In the past the perceived major disadvantage of emigration has been that it will lead to a 'brain drain' in which countries will lose their best workers. Racial differences create the greatest barrier to social assimilation but differences in language, religion and culture can also be important. As social barriers decline the benefits that different cultures can bring to society as a whole become more apparent. One of the great attractions of cities such as London and new York is their multiculturalism.
Political impact
International migration can have a considerable political impact both within and between countries. In more developed countries immigrants tend to head for economic core regions and to inner city areas within these regions. Such concentrations can have a big impact on voting patterns. Over time, immigrants gradually assimilate into host societies. in general, economic assimilation comes first, followed by social assimilation and then political assimilation. High levels of international migration between one country and another can lead to political tension. Mexican migration into the USA created tensions between US and Mexican governments. USA has greatly increased the size of its Border Patrol. EU countries, immigration from Muslim countries over the last 50 years or so has resulted in Islamisation of Europe. Introducing Sharia Law into European countries.
Environmental impact
Population growth contributes significantly to a host of environmental problems. Growing population increases environmental footprint beyond its borders. Some critics see such arguments as a disingenuous way of attempting to curtail immigration.
-importance of labour-related migration and international student mobility, increasing temporary and circular in nature
-impact of migration has spread
-proportion of female migrants has steadily increased ( Philippines )
-majority of international migrants from more developed countries go to other affluent nations ( Poland ---> England )
-developed countries have reinforced controls, response to security, illegal immigration and trafficking
Globalisation in all its aspects has led to an increased awareness in transportation and communication, world's population has never had a higher level of potential mobility.
Socio-economic impact
The rise in labour-related migration has been for both temporary and permanent workers and across all employment categories - skilled workers, seasonal employees, trainees, working holidaymakers, transfers of staff within Transnational Corporations ( TNCs ), and cross-border workers. While the inflow of skilled labour remains the priority for developed nations, some countries also welcome less skilled workers, particularly in agriculture ( the USA, Australia, Spain and Greece ) construction, care for the elderly and other business and household services ( the UK, Italy, Portugal ). Remittances totalled $397 billion in 2008, of which $305 billion went to developing countries, involving some 190 million migrants. Some economists argue that remittances exceed considerably the amount of official aid received by developing countries. Remittances have been described as 'globalisation bottom up'.
-help alleviate poverty
-spur investment
-cushion the impact of global recession
The major sources of remittances are the USA, Western Europe and the Gulf. The top destinations of remittances are India, China, Mexico and the Philippines. 20 million people who make up the Indian diaspora are scattered over 135 countries. In the past the perceived major disadvantage of emigration has been that it will lead to a 'brain drain' in which countries will lose their best workers. Racial differences create the greatest barrier to social assimilation but differences in language, religion and culture can also be important. As social barriers decline the benefits that different cultures can bring to society as a whole become more apparent. One of the great attractions of cities such as London and new York is their multiculturalism.
Political impact
International migration can have a considerable political impact both within and between countries. In more developed countries immigrants tend to head for economic core regions and to inner city areas within these regions. Such concentrations can have a big impact on voting patterns. Over time, immigrants gradually assimilate into host societies. in general, economic assimilation comes first, followed by social assimilation and then political assimilation. High levels of international migration between one country and another can lead to political tension. Mexican migration into the USA created tensions between US and Mexican governments. USA has greatly increased the size of its Border Patrol. EU countries, immigration from Muslim countries over the last 50 years or so has resulted in Islamisation of Europe. Introducing Sharia Law into European countries.
Environmental impact
Population growth contributes significantly to a host of environmental problems. Growing population increases environmental footprint beyond its borders. Some critics see such arguments as a disingenuous way of attempting to curtail immigration.
Gender inequality
Empowerment :
Most women won't feel confident enough to apply for a job they really wanted to do. Despite of finishing good universities with high marks, male would have more privileges in every job.
Most women won't feel confident enough to apply for a job they really wanted to do. Despite of finishing good universities with high marks, male would have more privileges in every job.
"In many countries, women own nothing, inherit nothing and earn nothing. Three out of four of the poorest billion people of the world are women."
Culture and Status :
Since ancient time there have been differences between man and woman. In that time man had more privilege because of stronger physical ability so woman had stayed aside. Nowadays, this is slowly starting to balance in order to both of them have same rights in everything.
Since ancient time there have been differences between man and woman. In that time man had more privilege because of stronger physical ability so woman had stayed aside. Nowadays, this is slowly starting to balance in order to both of them have same rights in everything.
Education :
In developing countries there are a lot of problems for women's schooling and education. Despite of how intelligent they are or which school they finished with high marks, man has more ability for working and he would get his job before the women. Today, out of 132 million unschooled children, 64% are girls. For example, if Sub Sarah Africa could get equal schooling, their child mortality would decrease by 25%.
In developing countries there are a lot of problems for women's schooling and education. Despite of how intelligent they are or which school they finished with high marks, man has more ability for working and he would get his job before the women. Today, out of 132 million unschooled children, 64% are girls. For example, if Sub Sarah Africa could get equal schooling, their child mortality would decrease by 25%.
'' Illiterate Young Women.''
Employment :
In general, women earn substantially less money than men. Women earn on average 2.875£ while men earn 14.554£ per a year. Women's education in the Middle East is rising rapidly but these women do not work for salaries. A big problem is that a lot of women have very high education but they are without their job, unemployed.
In general, women earn substantially less money than men. Women earn on average 2.875£ while men earn 14.554£ per a year. Women's education in the Middle East is rising rapidly but these women do not work for salaries. A big problem is that a lot of women have very high education but they are without their job, unemployed.
Migration :
Young men are more preferred and required to work in cities than women. In poor countries women have less chances to migrate because they are less looked after. In strict Muslim countries women are less likely to migrate.
Young men are more preferred and required to work in cities than women. In poor countries women have less chances to migrate because they are less looked after. In strict Muslim countries women are less likely to migrate.
Birth ratio and Family size :
In Asia, boy babies birth ratio is much higher than girl babies. Countries which law allow marriage more than one time have big families because their husband got other wives if their wife can not have boy babe. India have serious problem with abortion. Women are having abortion when they realised they have girl baby before giving a birth to her.
In Asia, boy babies birth ratio is much higher than girl babies. Countries which law allow marriage more than one time have big families because their husband got other wives if their wife can not have boy babe. India have serious problem with abortion. Women are having abortion when they realised they have girl baby before giving a birth to her.
More developed countries
Montenegro is using 17 % of modern contraception. Life expectancy at birth is about 77. From child is expected to go to school for education for 15 years of their life. The percentage of government seats held by women is 12. Ratio of female to male earned income is 58.
Montenegro is using 17 % of modern contraception. Life expectancy at birth is about 77. From child is expected to go to school for education for 15 years of their life. The percentage of government seats held by women is 12. Ratio of female to male earned income is 58.
Less developed countries
Colombia is using 68% of modern contraception. Life expectancy at birth is about 78. From child is expected to go to school for education for 14 years of their life. The percentage of government seats held by women is 14. Ratio of female to male earned income is 71.
Colombia is using 68% of modern contraception. Life expectancy at birth is about 78. From child is expected to go to school for education for 14 years of their life. The percentage of government seats held by women is 14. Ratio of female to male earned income is 71.
Least developed countries
Zambia is using 27 % of modern contraception. Life expectancy at birth is about 50. From child is expected to go to school for education for 7 years of their life. The percentage of government seats held by women is 12. Ration of female to male earned income is 56.
Zambia is using 27 % of modern contraception. Life expectancy at birth is about 50. From child is expected to go to school for education for 7 years of their life. The percentage of government seats held by women is 12. Ration of female to male earned income is 56.
Millennium Development Goal
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that were established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
Reason for setting up this huge organisation is to :
-halve the fraction of those with income <$1/day
-halve fraction of people who suffer from hunger
-universal primary schooling completion
-eliminate gender disparity in schooling ( preferably by 2005 )
-reduce the under-five mortality rate by 2/3
-reduce the maternal mortality rate by 3/4
-halt and begin to reverse spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other major diseases
-halve the ration of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
-7 targets related to: trade, debt, youth, technology, drugs affordability, and special needs
Reason for setting up this huge organisation is to :
-halve the fraction of those with income <$1/day
-halve fraction of people who suffer from hunger
-universal primary schooling completion
-eliminate gender disparity in schooling ( preferably by 2005 )
-reduce the under-five mortality rate by 2/3
-reduce the maternal mortality rate by 3/4
-halt and begin to reverse spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other major diseases
-halve the ration of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
-7 targets related to: trade, debt, youth, technology, drugs affordability, and special needs
The world has achieved equality in primary education between girls and boys. But few countries have achieved that target at all levels of education. The political participation of women keeps increasing. In January 2014, in 46 countries more than 30% of members of parliament in at least one chamber were women. In many countries, gender inequality persists and women continue to face discrimination in access to education, work and economic assets, and participation in government. For example, in every developing region, women tend to hold less secure jobs than men, with fewer social benefits. Violence against women continues to undermine efforts to reach all goals. Poverty is a major barrier to secondary education, especially among older girls. Women are largely relegated to more vulnerable forms of employment.
Women gain as gender gap 'narrows'
According to the World Economic Forum the gap between the two
genders have narrowed over the past years. Iceland's been named the world's
most equal. 80% of the countries have made
progress since then. But the other 20% have been falling
behind it terms of progress. United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia are
countries that had invested in education and health, but had not integrated
women into the economy.
"It comes down to everyday life. We had three women running for president in 2006. We have lots of women in senior positions," she said.
"But our levels of maternal mortality are very high, and 35% of girls aged 6-14 years old are not in school."
"It comes down to everyday life. We had three women running for president in 2006. We have lots of women in senior positions," she said.
"But our levels of maternal mortality are very high, and 35% of girls aged 6-14 years old are not in school."
The Magic Washing Machine
1) Life before washing machines in Sweden ...
- Heating water and then washed laundry by hand.
2) How many people live on less than $2 per day ?
- Two ( 2 ) billion.
3) How many people have access to washing machines in the world ?
- Two ( 2 ) billion.
How many have to hand wash ?
- Five ( 5 ) billion.
4) How do these remainder of these women wash their clothes and where do they get their water from ?
- They bring water from places which are far away ( river or lake ) and they are washing clothes by hands.
5) So, according to Hans Rosling, how can washing machines lead to an improvement to the lives of women in the developing world and a narrowing of the gender inequality gap ?
- When women in developing countries get washing machines they can save more of their time and may go to school and learn. So, maybe the world will learn that not only woman can do work like that.
- Heating water and then washed laundry by hand.
2) How many people live on less than $2 per day ?
- Two ( 2 ) billion.
3) How many people have access to washing machines in the world ?
- Two ( 2 ) billion.
How many have to hand wash ?
- Five ( 5 ) billion.
4) How do these remainder of these women wash their clothes and where do they get their water from ?
- They bring water from places which are far away ( river or lake ) and they are washing clothes by hands.
5) So, according to Hans Rosling, how can washing machines lead to an improvement to the lives of women in the developing world and a narrowing of the gender inequality gap ?
- When women in developing countries get washing machines they can save more of their time and may go to school and learn. So, maybe the world will learn that not only woman can do work like that.
Taking the girl effect to scale
Child marriage
- In developing countries 1 out of 7 girls get married before age of 15
- If nothing have done on this, there would be 142 million child marriages in developing countries
- Developing countries, 1/3 get married before the age of 18
- Girls from poor families are more likely to get married before 18 comparing to girls from rich families
Age at first birth
- In developing countries a half of all first births are adolescent girls
- Medical complications from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death among girls aged between 15 and 19 world wide
- Girls between 10 and 14 are five times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than women aged between 20 and 24
- Infant's risk of dying in its first year of life is 60% greater if mother is under 18 than that of an infant born to a mother older than 19
Economic empowerment
- Increasing in GDP of up to 1.2% in a year by closing the joblessness gap between girls and their male counterparts
- Extra year of secondary school can boosts girl's eventual wages by 15-25%
- Giving women the same access to non-land resources as man can could increase yields on women lands by up to 30%
Education
- Developing world / when girl finish 7 years of education, 4 years after she marries and has 2.2 fewer children
- In 19 sub-Saharan African countries secondary school completion rates for adolescent girls is below 5%
- In sub-Saharan African countries fewer than 1 in 5 girls makes it to secondary school
- Girls who stay in school during adolescence have a later sexual debut
- On average only 70% of girls with 28hours of household chores attend school. With less than 14 hours, 90% of girls would attend school.
Health + Safety
- Nearly 50% of all sexual assaults worldwide are against girls aged 15 years or younger
- 31% of girls were less than 15 years old when they had first sexual experience. Another 14% are aged between 15 and 17.
- 5 million young people worldwide aged between 15 and 24 are living with HIV. More than 60% ( 3.2 million ) are girls
- Every year an estimated 3 million girls experience genital mutilation or cutting.
- In developing countries 1 out of 7 girls get married before age of 15
- If nothing have done on this, there would be 142 million child marriages in developing countries
- Developing countries, 1/3 get married before the age of 18
- Girls from poor families are more likely to get married before 18 comparing to girls from rich families
Age at first birth
- In developing countries a half of all first births are adolescent girls
- Medical complications from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death among girls aged between 15 and 19 world wide
- Girls between 10 and 14 are five times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than women aged between 20 and 24
- Infant's risk of dying in its first year of life is 60% greater if mother is under 18 than that of an infant born to a mother older than 19
Economic empowerment
- Increasing in GDP of up to 1.2% in a year by closing the joblessness gap between girls and their male counterparts
- Extra year of secondary school can boosts girl's eventual wages by 15-25%
- Giving women the same access to non-land resources as man can could increase yields on women lands by up to 30%
Education
- Developing world / when girl finish 7 years of education, 4 years after she marries and has 2.2 fewer children
- In 19 sub-Saharan African countries secondary school completion rates for adolescent girls is below 5%
- In sub-Saharan African countries fewer than 1 in 5 girls makes it to secondary school
- Girls who stay in school during adolescence have a later sexual debut
- On average only 70% of girls with 28hours of household chores attend school. With less than 14 hours, 90% of girls would attend school.
Health + Safety
- Nearly 50% of all sexual assaults worldwide are against girls aged 15 years or younger
- 31% of girls were less than 15 years old when they had first sexual experience. Another 14% are aged between 15 and 17.
- 5 million young people worldwide aged between 15 and 24 are living with HIV. More than 60% ( 3.2 million ) are girls
- Every year an estimated 3 million girls experience genital mutilation or cutting.