Earthquakes - tectonic boundary plates
An earthquake is a sudden and brief period of intense ground shaking. The movement of the ground can be both vertical and horizontal.
There are 3 plate tectonic boundaries : 1)Collision
2)Restrictive
3)Conservative
There are 3 plate tectonic boundaries : 1)Collision
2)Restrictive
3)Conservative
1) Collision zones form when two continental plates collide. Neither plate is forced under the other, and so both are forced up and form fold mountains.
An example of a collision plate boundary is where African continent push European which caused a range of mountains.
An example of a collision plate boundary is where African continent push European which caused a range of mountains.
2) In restrictive tectonic boundaries are included : Destructive and Constructive plate boundaries.
Destructive - This occurs when oceanic and continental plates move together. The oceanic plate is forced under the lighter continental plate. Friction causes melting of the oceanic plate and may trigger earthquakes. Magma rises up through cracks and erupts onto the surface.
An example of a destructive plate boundary is where the Nazca plate is forced under the South American Plate.
Destructive - This occurs when oceanic and continental plates move together. The oceanic plate is forced under the lighter continental plate. Friction causes melting of the oceanic plate and may trigger earthquakes. Magma rises up through cracks and erupts onto the surface.
An example of a destructive plate boundary is where the Nazca plate is forced under the South American Plate.
Constructive - This occurs when plates move apart. Volcanoes are formed as magma wells up to fill the gap, and eventually new crust is formed.
An example of a constructive plate boundary is the mid-Atlantic Ridge.
3) This boundary occurs where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, or in the same direction but at different speeds.
Friction is eventually overcome and the plates slip past in a sudden movement. The shockwaves created produce an earthquake.
An example of a conservative plate boundary is at the San Andreas Fault in California.
Friction is eventually overcome and the plates slip past in a sudden movement. The shockwaves created produce an earthquake.
An example of a conservative plate boundary is at the San Andreas Fault in California.
High income countries
~ Japan ~
On 11th of March 2011 a terrible earthquake hit the east coast of Tohoku. It happened at 05:46 UTC ( coordinated universal time ) or at 14:46 JST ( Japan standard time ). The power of the earthquake was 9.0 according to the Richter Scale. It was followed by tsunami with waves of up to 10 m. The disaster left thousands dead ( 15,889 ) and inflicted extensive material damage to buildings. ~Japan~
On 11th of March 2011 a terrible earthquake hit the east coast of Töhoku. It happened at 05:46 UTC ( coordinated universal time ) or at 14:46 JST ( Japan standard time ). The power of the earthquake was 9.0 according to the Richter Scale. It was followed by tsunami with waves of up to 10 m. The disaster left thousands dead (15,889 ) and inflicted extensive material damage to buildings.
~Japan~
On 11th of March 2011 a terrible earthquake hit the east coast of Töhoku. It happened at 05:46 UTC ( coordinated universal time ) or at 14:46 JST ( Japan standard time ). The power of the earthquake was 9.0 according to the Richter Scale. It was followed by tsunami with waves of up to 10 m. The disaster left thousands dead (15,889 ) and inflicted extensive material damage to buildings.
~Japan~
On 11th of March 2011 a terrible earthquake hit the east coast of Töhoku. It happened at 05:46 UTC ( coordinated universal time ) or at 14:46 JST ( Japan standard time ). The power of the earthquake was 9.0 according to the Richter Scale. It was followed by tsunami with waves of up to 10 m. The disaster left thousands dead (15,889 ) and inflicted extensive material damage to buildings.
~ Japan ~
On 11th of March 2011 a terrible earthquake hit the east coast of Tohoku. It happened at 05:46 UTC ( coordinated universal time ) or at 14:46 JST ( Japan standard time ). The power of the earthquake was 9.0 according to the Richter Scale. It was followed by tsunami with waves of up to 10 m. The disaster left thousands dead ( 15,889 ) and inflicted extensive material damage to buildings. ~Japan~
On 11th of March 2011 a terrible earthquake hit the east coast of Töhoku. It happened at 05:46 UTC ( coordinated universal time ) or at 14:46 JST ( Japan standard time ). The power of the earthquake was 9.0 according to the Richter Scale. It was followed by tsunami with waves of up to 10 m. The disaster left thousands dead (15,889 ) and inflicted extensive material damage to buildings.
~Japan~
On 11th of March 2011 a terrible earthquake hit the east coast of Töhoku. It happened at 05:46 UTC ( coordinated universal time ) or at 14:46 JST ( Japan standard time ). The power of the earthquake was 9.0 according to the Richter Scale. It was followed by tsunami with waves of up to 10 m. The disaster left thousands dead (15,889 ) and inflicted extensive material damage to buildings.
~Japan~
On 11th of March 2011 a terrible earthquake hit the east coast of Töhoku. It happened at 05:46 UTC ( coordinated universal time ) or at 14:46 JST ( Japan standard time ). The power of the earthquake was 9.0 according to the Richter Scale. It was followed by tsunami with waves of up to 10 m. The disaster left thousands dead (15,889 ) and inflicted extensive material damage to buildings.
Short term damage: Physical
This was unexpected because building were designed to withstand severe earthquakes. However many of them were destroyed after the tsunami.
This was unexpected because building were designed to withstand severe earthquakes. However many of them were destroyed after the tsunami.
Long term damage: Environmental
Tsunami destroyed Rikuzentakata’s entire pine tree population. However, the most important environmental impact of Tohoku disaster was nuclear radiation cased by damage to Fukushima's nuclear plant. Radioactive cesium has taken up residence in the exclusion zone, replacing the human inhabitants. It is postulated that half-life of Cesium is 30 so there is no telling how long its affect on the environment. Radiation's negative effects could span decades or maybe even centuries. This radiation was not just limited Japan, contaminated material can spread easily, especially over water ( Pacific ocean ).
Tsunami destroyed Rikuzentakata’s entire pine tree population. However, the most important environmental impact of Tohoku disaster was nuclear radiation cased by damage to Fukushima's nuclear plant. Radioactive cesium has taken up residence in the exclusion zone, replacing the human inhabitants. It is postulated that half-life of Cesium is 30 so there is no telling how long its affect on the environment. Radiation's negative effects could span decades or maybe even centuries. This radiation was not just limited Japan, contaminated material can spread easily, especially over water ( Pacific ocean ).
This earthquake was the strongest to hit Japan and one of the top 5 largest earthquakes in the world since seismological record-keeping began. Japanese National Police Agency report confirmed 15,889 deaths, 6,152 injured and 2,601 people missing. Also, 127,290 buildings was totally collapsed, 272,788 half collapsed and 747,989 partially damaged. The World Bank's estimated economic cost was 235 billion US$ which was the costliest natural disaster in world history.
Low income countries
~ Haiti ~
On 12th of January 2010 catastrophic earthquake hit capital of Haiti, Port-au-Prince. It happened at 16:53 local time or at 21:53 UTC ( coordinated universal time ). The power of the earthquake was 7.0 according to the Richter scale. Earthquake produced deadly tsunami with waves up to 3 m high that caused smashing buildings and killing more than 200.000 people.
~ Haiti ~
On 12th of January 2010 catastrophic earthquake hit capital of Haiti, Port-au-Prince. It happened at 16:53 local time or at 21:53 UTC ( coordinated universal time ). The power of the earthquake was 7.0 according to the Richter scale. Earthquake produced deadly tsunami with waves up to 3 m high that caused smashing buildings and killing more than 200.000 people.
Short term damage: There were much damages which had caused by ruthless earthquake such as: lack of food, no clean water, communication were down, lack of medical aid, spread of diseases, ports and roads were closed, destroyed buildings and the worst damage was a huge number of deaths.
Long term damage: Huge economical drop in country including enormous unemployment and a lot of homeless people. Poverty is on high level and it would not ameliorate soon. Schools and universities were destroyed which shows a huge lack of education in further time.
This earthquake caused terrible problem for Haiti and it's habitant. Exactly number of killed people was 316,000 and 3 million people were made homeless. About 250,000 building were destroyed including the President's Palace and 60% of government buildings.More than 50 hospitals and more than 1300 schools were badly damaged including airport's control tower. People were squashed in shanty towns or onto streets because their homes had been destroyed and looting became a real problem bevause of huge unemployment ( 80% people live on 2$ or less per day ).